Enumerated value concepts for application building

This document is generated by an xslt script from the enumerations present in the following schema: "Unified Biosciences Information Framework (UBIF) 1.1". Enumerations are converted to SDD descriptive concepts (enumerated values are represented by concept states). The html report generated for these values / concept states is intended for documentation and to improve discussion and correction of errors (please comment on http://wiki.tdwg.org/twiki/bin/view/UBIF/EnumeratedValues). The xml representation follows the general conventions of UBIF documents and may be easier to import or integrate into user interfaces than the schema itself. This is especially true for SDD documents, where a large part of the terminology is provided in the form of data documents by the experts of a given knowledge domain. This document can be used side-by-side as schema-defined terminology with user-defined terminology.

Concepts documented here:

 


RevisionStatus

Controlled vocabulary expressing the revision status as assessed by creators or editors or objects. It may apply to an entire data set as well as to individual objects (a specimen, a taxon name, a description, etc.). Exact semantics are defined only for the first and the last two categories. The semantics of the intermediate levels (1 to 5) may be chosen freely by the user (and associated with the actual, project dependend workflow, e.g. 'draft', 'review', 'approved', 'stable'). The added semantics should, however, conserve the order of revision status values. If, for example, three revision steps are planned (2 intermediate, reaching FullyRevised on third), it is recommended to use RevisionLevel2, RevisionLevel4, FullyRevised.

States

Value Label   Description
Unrevised Unrevised   The data have been input, but no separate revision was performed.
RevisionLevel1 Revision level 1 of 5   For example, in a collection less than ca. 20 % of the data are revised, or on a single object only a plausibility check has been performed.
RevisionLevel2 Revision level 2 of 5   For example, in a collection ca. 41-60 % of the data are revised, or on a single object the data are compared carefully with the source.
RevisionLevel3 Revision level 3 of 5   For example, ca. 41-60 % of the data are revised.
RevisionLevel4 Revision level 4 of 5   For example, ca. 61-80 % of the data are revised.
RevisionLevel5 Revision level 5 of 5   For example, more than 80% revised (but not yet completed).
FullyRevised Revision completed   The data are completely revised given the available time and the goals set for the project. This does not necessarily imply that the data are complete and perfectly revised in a scientific sense.
Deprecated Deprecated   An object concept should no longer be used, but is not deleted because external data depend on it. This revision status applies, e.g. to definitions in shared descriptive terminologies.

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ExpertiseLevel

Controlled vocabulary expressing the expertise exprected or required from human consumers of data or services. Values are restricted to integer values from 0 to 5. 0 is defined as unspecified level, and 1 to 5 indicates expertise from schoolchildren to taxonomic expert. See the description of the values for recommendations for interpreting and choosing the expert level.

States

Value Label   Description
ExpertiseLevel0 0 = Unspecified expertise level   Use this if the expertise level of can not be assessed (e. g. when exporting data) or is considered irrelevant.
ExpertiseLevel1 1 = Elementary school (year 1 to 6)  
ExpertiseLevel2 2 = Middle school (year 7 to 10)  
ExpertiseLevel3 3 = High school (year 11 above) and general public   When addressing this level specialized terminology or jargon should be avoided.
ExpertiseLevel4 4 = University students or (partly) trained staff   This level uses specialized terminology, but avoids or explains problematic terms.
ExpertiseLevel5 5 = Experts   This level uses the full range of terminology

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ResourceType

This enumeration is identical with the DCMI Type Vocabulary (http: //dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/, as of 6/2004), except that an additional type "Other" has been added. Its purpose is to provide a framework of broad media or resource type terms, without the technical detail provided by the large number of MIME types. The annotations are largely based on those from the DublinCore metadata initiative vocabulary.

States

Value Label   Description
Collection Collection   A collection is an aggregation of items. The term collection means that the resource is described as a group; its parts may be separately described and navigated.
Dataset Dataset   A dataset is information encoded in a defined structure (for example, lists, tables, and databases), intended to be useful for direct machine processing.
Event Event   An event is a non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, responsible agents, and links to related events and resources. The resource of type event may not be retrievable if the described instantiation has expired or is yet to occur. Examples - exhibition, web-cast, conference, workshop, open-day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea-party, conflagration.
Image Image   An image is a primarily symbolic visual representation other than text. For example - images and photographs of physical objects, paintings, prints, drawings, other images and graphics, animations and moving pictures, film, diagrams, maps, musical notation. Note that image may include both electronic and physical representations.
InteractiveResource Interactive Resource   An interactive resource is a resource which requires interaction from the user to be understood, executed, or experienced. For example - forms on web pages, applets, multimedia learning objects, chat services, virtual reality.
MovingImage Moving Image (Video)   A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Examples of moving images are: animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Comment: Instances of the type "Moving Image" must also be describable as instances of the broader type "Image".
PhysicalObject Physical Object   An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. For example -- a computer, the great pyramid, a sculpture. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these things should use Image, Text or one of the other types.
Service Service   A service is a system that provides one or more functions of value to the end-user. Examples include: a photocopying service, a banking service, an authentication service, interlibrary loans, a Z39.50 or Web server.
Software Software   Software is a computer program in source or compiled form which may be available for installation non-transiently on another machine. For software which exists only to create an interactive environment, use interactive instead.
Sound Sound   A sound is a resource whose content is primarily intended to be rendered as audio. For example - a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds.
StillImage Still Image   A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Comment: Recommended best practice is to assign the type "Text" to images of textual materials. Instances of the type "Still Image" must also be describable as instances of the broader type "Image".
Text Text   A text is a resource whose content is primarily words for reading. For example - books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text may contain embedded still image illustrations, e. g., formatted html pages.
Other Other   Use this category if the resource does not seem to fit into any of the categories provided above.

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TelephoneDevice

Kind of phone number: voice, fax, mobile, pager, modem. These enumerated values are identical with vCard 3.0 flags (several of which can be added to a single phone number; to represent this in the UBIF interface duplicate the phone number itself!)

States

Value Label  
Voice voice phone number  
Fax fax number  
Mobile mobile phone number  
Modem modem number  
Pager pager number  

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Rating1to5

Enumeration restricted to integer values from 1 to 5, indicating an arbitrary rating (meaning, e. g., 1 = disagree strongly, 2 = rather disagree, 3 = neutral or undecided, 4 = rather agree, 5 = agree strongly). This enumeration is of limited usefulness and could be replaced by an restriction on integer, but using the enumeration the semantics of agreement/disagreement or positive/negative rating can be communicated in a culture-neutral way (in German 1 is generally considered best and 5 worst, in English 1 worst, 5 best...).

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
Rating0of5 0 Rating "0"   Undecided (not yet rated).
Rating1of5 1 Rating "1"   For example, "disagree strongly", or "very poor".
Rating2of5 2 Rating "2"   For example, "rather disagree", or "poor".
Rating3of5 3 Rating "3"   For example, "neutral", "average", "undecided".
Rating4of5 4 Rating "4"   For example, "rather agree", or "good".
Rating5of5 5 Rating "5"   For example, "agree strongly", or "very good".

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TextDirectionality

Values are ltr (left to right), rtl (right to left). Compare CSS2 and the XHTML 2.0 bi-directional text module. Note: A future UBIF version may also include lro/rlo = left-right-overide/right-left-overide, if this is found to be necessary.

States

Value Abbrev. Label  
ltr ltr left-to-right text direction (e.g., English)  
rtl rtl right-to-left text direction (e.g., Arabic)  

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StringFormattingType

Controlled vocabulary expressing whether and which kind of inline formatting may be contained in a text literal (plain, inline-entity-encoded, html-level-entity-encoded). In the absence of an attribute providing further specification, most UBIF text elements may contain "inline" entity-escaped formatting! (Other standards: ~=atom:title/@type)

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
plain plain plain, unformatted text   The element contains plain text with no entity escaped html. The entire text will contain the same format, i.e. it can contain not superscript, subscript or italicized parts. Example: "Mg2Cl > 10mMol" (xml-entities like greater-than are still entity escaped!). Other standards: atom:title/@type=text.
inline inline formatted text using selected html inline elements   The element contains html formatting from an enumerated list of html inline formatting commands: strong, em, b, i, sub, sup, br. Other html commands (including inline formatting like a and img) are not recognized. Example: "Mg<sub>2</sub>Cl > 10mMol". Note: the constrained list of formats enables processors with limited implementation cost to render the formatting in other formats than the html-family.
html html formatted text using html elements   The element contains html formatting commands for an enumerated list of html inline formatting commands: strong, em, b, i, sub, sup, br. Other html commands (including inline formatting like a and img) are not recognized. Example: "Mg<sub>2</sub>Cl > 10mMol". Other standards: atom:title/@type=html. Note: atom also provides a value "xhtml", in which case the element content is directly full xhtml (i.e. contains mixed content). Such mixed content formatting was provided in early proposals of UBIF, but was rejected because it created significantly increased implementation cost in applications, including xslt in general and xml-database conversions. See EncodedFormattingProposal.zip for further information.

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MeasurementUnitPrefix

Multiplication factor prefixes used in the scientific SI system (T, G, M, k, h, c, m, µ, n, p, f, a).

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
Tera T tera   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 10 to the power of 12. Example: TW, terawatt.
Giga G giga   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 10 to the power of 9. Example: GV, gigavolt.
Mega M mega   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 10 to the power of 6. Example: MW, megawatt.
kilo k kilo   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 1000. Example: kg, kilogram.
hecto h hecto   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 100. Example: hPa, hectopascal.
deca da deca   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 10. Example: daL, decaliter.
noprefix - (none)   No prefix, denoting factor or 1. Example: g, gram.
deci d deci   Prefix of measurement units, denoting a factor of 0.1. Example: dm, decimeter.
centi c centi   Prefix of measurement units, denoting a factor of 0.01. Example: cm, centimeter.
milli m milli   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 10 to the power of -3. Example: mg, milligram.
micro µ micro   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 10 to the power of -6. Example: µg, microgram.
nano n nano   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 10 to the power of -9. Example: ng, nanogram.
pico p pico   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 10 to the power of -12. Example: pmol, picomol.
femto f femto   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 10 to the power of -15. Example: fm, femtometer.
atto a atto   Prefix of measurement units, denoting 10 to the power of -18. Example: attotesla.

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StatisticalMeasurementScale

In statistical analysis it is often vital to know some basic properties of the values that are being analyzed. Some of these properties can be summarized in the form of a measurement scale. Higher scales can always be analyzed under the assumptions of a lower scale (ordinal data can be analyzed as nominal, ratio as interval).

States

Value Label   Description
Nominal nominal   unordered categorical states (DELTA character type 'UM')
Ordinal ordinal   ordered categorical states (DELTA character type 'OM'). Unless a separate tree defines more specific ordering, the order is assumed to be linear in the sequence in which the categories are enumerated in their definition.
Interval interval   real numeric (= floating point) values, where 0 is an arbitrarily defined point. As a consequence, ratios are undefined and only the intervals between values can be analyzed. Example: Temperature in °C or °F.
Ratio ratio   real numeric (= floating point) values (DELTA: type 'RN'), where 0 is an objective point and ratios can thus be analyzed. Example: length measurements. Most measures belong into this category and it is acceptable to assume the 'ratio' scale when importing DELTA legacy data.

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QuantitativeMeasurementScale

Those values from StatisticalMeasurementScaleEnum addressing numerical data ('ratio' and 'interval'). Note: Occasionally "integer" or "cardinal" (versus real numbers) are also considered part of the measurement scale. This should be avoided because: a) All combinations of interval/ratio and discrete/continous are possible. b) The important distinction is whether a measurement is based on a continuous or discrete scale. Although in most cases this is equivalent with integer versus real numbers, it is not necessarily so. An ANOVA will report false significance not only when values come from "1, 2, 3 and 4", but also when they come from "1.2, 2.4, 3.6 and 4.8".

States

Value Label   Description
Interval   (see value "Interval" defined elsewhere)
Ratio   (see value "Ratio" defined elsewhere)

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CategoricalMeasurementScale

Those values from StatisticalMeasurementScaleEnum addressing categorical data ('nominal' and 'ordinal').

States

Value Label   Description
Nominal   (see value "Nominal" defined elsewhere)
Ordinal   (see value "Ordinal" defined elsewhere)

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DataStatus

Status values (examples: "unknown", "not applicable") identify standardized reasons why data are missing. Alternative names are 'missing data indicators', 'special states', 'Null-values'. The annotation labels of the values can be freely changed as long as the semantics are preserved.

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
ToBeChecked ! To be checked   Explicit indicator to revisit data later. This may occur when data are missing (known to exist, but not at hand for entering) or together with data (check entered data against additional information source).
ToBeIgnored ø Not to be recorded (a decision was made not enter data)   (No DELTA equivalent exists. Implemented in Lucid 3 as "scope out".)
NotApplicable - Not applicable (data are assumed to be impossible to exist)   The character has been studied, but is not applicable. Example are situations where the character cannot possibly exists (e. g. leaf-tip in a leaf-less plant) or where the method is unable to measure the current situation (e. g. a growth rate if available space is used before the time defined in the method). In the first situation it may be desirable to create a character dependency definition, making the scoring of individual characters no longer necessary. (Note: the DELTA equivalent is the '-'-state.)
DataUnavailable ? Data unavailable (could not be obtained despite that an effort was made)   The character has been studied and information has been searched, but not found. Use this to indicate that coding attempts should stop, perhaps until the next major revision. If data are currently unavailable, but attempts should continue, use '# = to be checked' instead. Compare also "not interpretable" if information found that is not interpretable. (Note: the DELTA equivalent is normally the 'U', but 'U' may also be used differently.)
NotInterpretable # Not interpretable (data known to exist, but interpretation considered too uncertain).   The character has been studied and information has been found, but is impossible to score because the information is not interpretable under the current terminology. Using this status warns collaborators that some information has already been studied (a specific annotation text accompanying the status value is recommend). Examples for using 'not interpretable': terms used in the source are undefined and cannot be guessed, the information in the source is contradictory, the color of a specimen is deteriorated so much that the original color can no longer be guessed. Note that in some cases an alternative to not coding at all may be to use certainty modifiers like 'perhaps' to make a tentative statement. (Note: no DELTA equivalent exists.)
DataWithheld § Data withheld (exist in source of current document, but private or confidential).   (Note: no DELTA equivalent exists.)

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UnivarAnyStatMeasure

Enumerated list of univariate statistical methods. The list is intended to be more complete than normally necessary at least in biological morphometrics. If you still miss some measures, please request additions in a future version of this schema. Note: No satisfying external ontology for statistical methods could be found; the statistics section of MathML 2.0 (statistics.xsd) seems rather incomplete!

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
ObserverEstLower - Lower range limit (human estimate)   Free estimate made by human observer for the lower range limit (no statistical sampling and calculation was used). This method is appropriate when it is known that the values are derived from experience with the described objects (perhaps from memory) or from scanning a sample of objects and measuring those objects considered 'typical'. This method is not appropriate for single measurements or for calculations based on statistical methods (which provide exact 'statistical estimates'). Compare also the 'UnknownMethod'-methods that are provided for legacy data.
ObserverEstUpper + Upper range limit (human estimate)   Free estimate made by human observer for the upper range limit (no statistical sampling and calculation was used). This method is appropriate when it is known that the values are derived from experience with the described objects (perhaps from memory) or from scanning a sample of objects and measuring those objects considered 'typical'. This method is not appropriate for single measurements or for calculations based on statistical methods (which provide exact 'statistical estimates'). Compare also the 'UnknownMethod'-methods that are provided for legacy data.
ObserverEstCentral centr. Central or typical value (human estimate)   Free estimate made by human observer for a single central or typical value (no statistical sampling and calculation was used). This method is appropriate when it is known that the values are derived from experience with the described objects (perhaps from memory) or from scanning a sample of objects and measuring those objects considered 'typical'. It is not appropriate for single measurements nor for calculations based on statistical methods (which provide exact 'statistical estimates'). Compare also the 'UnknownMethod'-methods that are provided for legacy data.
UMethLower -(?) Lower range limit (legacy data, stat. meth. unknown)   Lower range limit obtained by an unknown method (e. g. human observer estimate or some kind of statistical estimate). The range may, e. g., be mean plus/minus standard deviation, or a range estimate. 'Unknown' is important for legacy data where the statistical measure used is not known. If it is known that a measure is a human observer estimate rather than a defined value, the 'ObserverEstimate' methods should be used instead.
UMethUpper +(?) Upper range limit (legacy data, stat. meth. unknown)   Upper range limit obtained by an unknown method (e. g. human observer estimate or some kind of statistical estimate). The range may, e. g., be mean plus/minus standard deviation, or a range estimate. 'Unknown' is important for legacy data where the statistical measure used is not known. If it is known that a measure is a human observer estimate rather than a defined value, the 'ObserverEstimate' methods should be used instead.
UMethCentral centr.(?) Central or typical value (legacy data, stat. meth. unknown)   Central or typical value obtained by an unknown method (e. g. human observer estimate or some kind of statistical estimate). The central value may, e. g., be a single measurement, median, or arithmetic mean. 'Unknown' is important for legacy data where the statistical measure used is not known. If it is known that a measure is a human observer estimate rather than a defined value, the 'ObserverEstimate' methods should be used instead.
Min Min Minimum value   Absolute smallest value
Max Max Maximum value   Absolute largest value
Mean µ Mean (= average)   This is the normal, arithmetic mean.
HMean Harmonic mean   The harmonic mean (reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of reciprocals) is rarely used. Recommendation: if nothing specific is said about a "mean", it can safely be assumed to be an arithmetic mean.
GeoMean Geometric mean   The geometric mean (antilog of mean of logarithms) is relatively rarely used. Recommendation: if nothing specific is said about a "mean", it can safely be assumed to be an arithmetic mean.
Mode mode Mode   The value or value class with the highest frequency (most frequently occurring). Applicable only to unimodal distributions.
Median med. Median   The median is the 50 % percentile, i.e. 50% of the sampled values are smaller and the rest is larger than this value.
InterqMean IQM Interquartile mean (= average)   A truncated arithmetic mean, calculated only from those values that lie between 25 and 75% of sample values. This reduces the dependency of the mean on outliers and measurement errors.
Var Var. Variance (sample, df = n-1)   Variance based on a sample; calculated with n-1 (n = sample size) degrees of freedom. This is the "normal" variance used in almost all cases. A variance is a standard deviation squared.
VarP Var. (pop.) Variance (population; df = n; rarely applicable!)   Variance of population, calculated with n (= sample size) degrees of freedom. Use this if the entire population of objects has been studied. Normally conclusions about the population are based on a sample that has been studied; in this case the "normal" variance with df = n-1 is appropriate.
SD s.d. Standard deviation (sample)   Standard deviation based on a sample, calculated with n-1 (n = sample size) degrees of freedom. This is the "normal" standard deviation used in almost all cases.
SDP s.d. (pop.) Standard deviation (population; df = n; rarely applicable!)   Standard deviation based on the entire population; calculated with n (= sample size) degrees of freedom. Use this if the entire population of objects has been studied. Normally conclusions about the population are based on a sample that has been studied; in this case the "normal" std. dev. with df = n-1 is appropriate.
MeanDev m.d. Mean deviation   The mean of the absolute differences from the arithmetic mean of values. The absolute differences are the positive, unsquared differences from the mean.
MeanDevMode m.d.m. Mean deviation from median   The mean of the absolute differences from the median of values. The absolute differences are the positive, unsquared differences from the mode.
CV CV Coefficient of variation (sample)   Standard deviation (based on a sample), divided by the mean. The values entered should not be expressed as percent, but converted to a true value (use '0.3' for 30%). According to Sokal & Rohlf 1981:59 this is a biased estimate, which may be corrected, compare 'CVC'.
CVC CVC Corrected coefficient of variation (sample)   Corrected coefficient corrected by (1 + (1/4n)). Compare, e. g., Sokal & Rohlf 1981:59'.
TotalRange TR Total range   The maximum value minus the minimum value. Also often called "Range" without further qualification like 'absolute', 'total'. This measure can normally be computed automatically based on minimum and maximum. It will be manually entered, if minimum and maximum are not separately cited in a publication.
InterqRange IQR Interquartile range   This is the length of a symmetric interval around median, containing 50% of observations.
SEMean s.e. Standard error of mean   The standard error of mean is defined as: "std. dev. / square root(n)" (with n = sample size)
SEVar s.e.(var.) Standard error of variance (of multiple samples)   This is not a variance measure of the mean, but a measure of the variance of the variance estimates.
Skew Skw. Skewness   Coefficient of skewness of a distribution, a measure of the degree of asymmetry of a distribution around its mean: <0 if mode < median, =0 if symmetric, > 0 if mode > median.
Kurt Kurt. Kurtosis   Coefficient of kurtosis of distribution, a measure of the "peakedness" of a distribution. A normal distribution has a value of 0.263, larger values indicate wider, smaller narrower distributions.
N n Sample size   The number of objects studied and on which the other reported statistical measures (mean, standard deviation, etc.) are based.
ConfIntervalLower -CI{ParameterValue} Lower limit of {ParameterValue}% confidence interval for mean.   The confidence interval is defined as a range into which the true mean of the distribution falls with a certain probability. The parameter expresses the confidence level in percent. Typical values are: 99.9% (= 0.05% from left!), 99% (= 0.5% from left), 95% (= 2.5% from left), 90% (= 5% from left).
ConfIntervalUpper +CI{ParameterValue} Upper limit of {ParameterValue}% confidence interval for mean.   The confidence interval is defined as a range into which the true mean of the distribution falls with a certain probability. The probability is expressed in percent in a parameter called; typical values are: 99.9 (= 99.95% from left!), 99 (= 99.5% from left), 95 (= 97.5% from left), 90 (= 95% from left).
PercLower -P{ParameterValue} {ParameterValue}% percentile   The {ParameterValue}% percentile is defined such that {ParameterValue}% of the observations are smaller than this value. Typical parameter values are 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 (= 1st quartile), 30. Do not use 50; use the 'Median' measure instead!
PercUpper +P{ParameterValue} {ParameterValue}% percentile   The {ParameterValue}% percentile is defined such that {ParameterValue}% of the observations are smaller than this value. Typical parameter values are 70, 75 (= 3rd quartile), 80, 90, 95, 97.5. Do not use 50; use the 'Median' measure instead!
TrimMean +TM{ParameterValue} {ParameterValue}% trim mean   The arithmetic mean of the symmetric {ParameterValue}% interior portion of a set of data values.
SDRangeLower µ - {ParameterValue} s.d. Mean minus {ParameterValue} stand. deviation(s)   Lower limit of a range calculated as mean minus standard deviations. The parameter ParameterValue (here {ParameterValue}) defines a factor with which the s.d. is multiplied before it is substracted from the mean. Typical parameter values are 1 or 2.
SDRangeUpper µ + {ParameterValue} s.d. Mean plus {ParameterValue} stand. deviation(s)   Upper limit of a range calculated as mean plus standard deviations. The parameter ParameterValue (here {ParameterValue}) defines a factor with which the s.d. is multiplied before it is added to the mean. Typical parameter values are 1 or 2.
MinOC Min\{ParameterValue} s.d. Minimum; outlier corrected ({ParameterValue} std. dev.)   Absolute minimum value of sample, excluding outlier values more than {ParameterValue} standard deviations distant from the mean. Typical parameter values are 3 or 4.
MaxOC Max\{ParameterValue} s.d. Maximum; outlier corrected ({ParameterValue} std. dev.)   Absolute maximum value of sample, excluding outlier values more than {ParameterValue} standard deviations distant from the mean. Typical parameter values are 3 or 4.

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UnivarSimpleStatMeasure

An enumeration of univariate statistical measures supported by UBIF (esp. used by SDD). Compare also UnivarParamStatMeasureEnum, containing further statistical measures that use an additional parameter (for percentage of percentile or confidence interval, etc.).

States

Value Label   Description
ObserverEstLower   (see value "ObserverEstLower" defined elsewhere)
ObserverEstUpper   (see value "ObserverEstUpper" defined elsewhere)
ObserverEstCentral   (see value "ObserverEstCentral" defined elsewhere)
UMethLower   (see value "UMethLower" defined elsewhere)
UMethUpper   (see value "UMethUpper" defined elsewhere)
UMethCentral   (see value "UMethCentral" defined elsewhere)
Min   (see value "Min" defined elsewhere)
Max   (see value "Max" defined elsewhere)
Mean   (see value "Mean" defined elsewhere)
HMean   (see value "HMean" defined elsewhere)
GeoMean   (see value "GeoMean" defined elsewhere)
Mode   (see value "Mode" defined elsewhere)
Median   (see value "Median" defined elsewhere)
InterqMean   (see value "InterqMean" defined elsewhere)
Var   (see value "Var" defined elsewhere)
VarP   (see value "VarP" defined elsewhere)
SD   (see value "SD" defined elsewhere)
SDP   (see value "SDP" defined elsewhere)
MeanDev   (see value "MeanDev" defined elsewhere)
MeanDevMode   (see value "MeanDevMode" defined elsewhere)
CV   (see value "CV" defined elsewhere)
CVC   (see value "CVC" defined elsewhere)
TotalRange   (see value "TotalRange" defined elsewhere)
InterqRange   (see value "InterqRange" defined elsewhere)
SEMean   (see value "SEMean" defined elsewhere)
SEVar   (see value "SEVar" defined elsewhere)
Skew   (see value "Skew" defined elsewhere)
Kurt   (see value "Kurt" defined elsewhere)
N   (see value "N" defined elsewhere)

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UnivarParamStatMeasure

An enumeration of parameterized univariate statistical measures supported by UBIF (esp. used by SDD). This enumeration is similar to UnivarSimpleStatMeasureEnum, but here a parameter value is supported. Abbreviation, Label and Details (within xs:documentation) may contain the string "{ParameterValue}". Labels are expected to become meaningful if this is replaced with the actual parameter value.

States

Value Label   Description
ConfIntervalLower   (see value "ConfIntervalLower" defined elsewhere)
ConfIntervalUpper   (see value "ConfIntervalUpper" defined elsewhere)
PercLower   (see value "PercLower" defined elsewhere)
PercUpper   (see value "PercUpper" defined elsewhere)
TrimMean   (see value "TrimMean" defined elsewhere)
SDRangeLower   (see value "SDRangeLower" defined elsewhere)
SDRangeUpper   (see value "SDRangeUpper" defined elsewhere)
MinOC   (see value "MinOC" defined elsewhere)
MaxOC   (see value "MaxOC" defined elsewhere)

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AgentRole

Provides codes for roles like author, editor, photographer, advisor, or copyright holder. The roles and their codes used here are based on http://www.loc.gov/marc.relators/ (as of 2004/6 available at http://dublincore.org/usage/meetings/2004/03/Relator-codes.html). For example, the enumerated code "aut" for author corresponds to http://www.loc.gov/marc.relators/aut. The DublinCore Agents group is considering using the same codes (see e. g. http://www.loc.gov/marc/dc/Agent-roles.html), but as of 2004/6 the DublinCore Agents subgroup did not yet agree on a Creator/Contributor refinement as qualified DublinCore. Note that the roles selected here are a subset of the roles that are available in MARC. See second annotation for reasons of not using a union-design, which would be easier to maintain!

States

Value Label   Description
aut Author   A person or corporate body chiefly responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. This term may also be used when more than one person or body bears such responsibility.
edt Editor   A person who prepares for publication a work not primarily his/her own, such as by elucidating text, adding introductory or other critical matter, or technically directing an editorial staff.
cre Creator in general   A person or corporate body responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. The more specific type Author [aut] or Editor [edt] should be preferred.
ill Illustrator   The person who conceives, and perhaps also implements, a design or illustration, usually to accompany a written text.
pht Photographer   The person or organization responsible for taking photographs, whether they are used in their original form or as reproductions.
ctb Contributor in general   Someone whose work has been contributed to a larger work, such as an anthology, serial publication, or other compilation of individual works. Do not use for someone whose sole function in relation to a work is as author, editor, compiler or translator.
trl Translator   A person who renders a text from one language into another, from an older form of a language into the modern form, or from one audience-specific representation to one appropriate for another audience.
trc Transcriber   A person who prepares a handwritten or typewritten copy from original material, including from dictated or orally recorded material.
clb Collaborator   A person or corporate body that takes a limited part in the elaboration of a work of another person or corporate body that brings complements (e.g., appendices, notes) to the work.
col Collector   A person who has brought together material from various sources, which has been arranged, described, and catalogued as a collection. The collector is neither the creator of the material nor the person to whom manuscripts in the collection may have been addressed.
crp Correspondent   A person or organization who was either the writer or recipient of a letter or other communication.
prg Programmer   A person or corporate body responsible for the creation and/or maintenance of computer program design documents, source code, and machine-executable digital files and supporting documentation.
rth Research team head   The person or corporate body that directed or managed a research project.
rtm Research team member   The person or corporate body that participated in a research project but whose role did not involve direction or management of it.
res Researcher   The person or corporate body responsible for performing research.
sad Scientific advisor   A person who brings scientific, pedagogical, or historical competence to the conception and realization on a work, particularly in the case of audio-visual items.
pfr Proofreader   A person who corrects text (orthography, grammar).
mrk Markup editor   The person or organization performing the coding of SGML, HTML, or XML markup of metadata, text, etc.
cmm Commentator   A person who provides interpretation, analysis, or a discussion of the subject matter on a recording, motion picture, or other audiovisual medium.
rev Reviewer   A person or corporate body responsible for the review of book, motion picture, performance, etc.
csl Consultant   The person called upon for professional advice or services in a specialized field of knowledge or training.
own Owner   The person or organization that currently owns an item or collection.
fmo Former owner   The person or organization who owned an item at any time in the past. Includes those to whom the material was once presented. The person or organization giving the item to the present owner is designated as Donor [dnr]
cph Copyright holder   A person or organization owning the copyright of the material.
cpc Copyright claimant   The person listed as a copyright owner at the time of registration. Copyright can be granted or later transferred to another person or agent, at which time the claimant becomes the copyright holder.
dnr Donor   The donor of a book, manuscript, etc., to its present owner. Donors to previous owners are designated as Former owner [fmo]
dpt Depositor   A person or organization placing material in the physical custody of a library or repository without transferring the legal title.

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AgentCreatorContribRole

Union of AgentCreatorRoleEnum and AgentContributorRoleEnum, but no Owner roles. Technical note: currently this is modeled somewhat strangely as an xml-schema restriction of AgentRoleEnum (= union of all three basic role groups). This is a workaround for a problem Xerxes 2.6.2 detected by Jacob Asiedu! We hope that in the future the whole 'xs:restriction' below can be replaced again with the much more straightforward 'xs:union memberTypes="AgentCreatorRoleEnum AgentContributorRoleEnum"/' (= union of the two intended AgentRole enumerations).

States

Value Label   Description
aut   (see value "aut" defined elsewhere)
edt   (see value "edt" defined elsewhere)
cre   (see value "cre" defined elsewhere)
ill   (see value "ill" defined elsewhere)
pht   (see value "pht" defined elsewhere)
ctb   (see value "ctb" defined elsewhere)
trl   (see value "trl" defined elsewhere)
trc   (see value "trc" defined elsewhere)
clb   (see value "clb" defined elsewhere)
col   (see value "col" defined elsewhere)
crp   (see value "crp" defined elsewhere)
prg   (see value "prg" defined elsewhere)
rth   (see value "rth" defined elsewhere)
rtm   (see value "rtm" defined elsewhere)
res   (see value "res" defined elsewhere)
sad   (see value "sad" defined elsewhere)
pfr   (see value "pfr" defined elsewhere)
mrk   (see value "mrk" defined elsewhere)
cmm   (see value "cmm" defined elsewhere)
rev   (see value "rev" defined elsewhere)
csl   (see value "csl" defined elsewhere)

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AgentCreatorRole

Enumeration of roles supported for creator agents. See AgentRoleEnum for information about the MARC relator codes.

States

Value Label   Description
aut   (see value "aut" defined elsewhere)
edt   (see value "edt" defined elsewhere)
cre   (see value "cre" defined elsewhere)
ill   (see value "ill" defined elsewhere)
pht   (see value "pht" defined elsewhere)

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AgentContributorRole

Enumeration of supported roles for contributor agents. See AgentRoleEnum for information about the MARC relator codes.

States

Value Label   Description
ctb   (see value "ctb" defined elsewhere)
trl   (see value "trl" defined elsewhere)
trc   (see value "trc" defined elsewhere)
clb   (see value "clb" defined elsewhere)
col   (see value "col" defined elsewhere)
crp   (see value "crp" defined elsewhere)
prg   (see value "prg" defined elsewhere)
rth   (see value "rth" defined elsewhere)
rtm   (see value "rtm" defined elsewhere)
res   (see value "res" defined elsewhere)
sad   (see value "sad" defined elsewhere)
pfr   (see value "pfr" defined elsewhere)
mrk   (see value "mrk" defined elsewhere)
cmm   (see value "cmm" defined elsewhere)
rev   (see value "rev" defined elsewhere)
csl   (see value "csl" defined elsewhere)

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AgentOwnerRole

Enumeration of supported roles for owner/copyright agents. See AgentRoleEnum for information about the MARC relator codes.

States

Value Label   Description
own   (see value "own" defined elsewhere)
fmo   (see value "fmo" defined elsewhere)
cph   (see value "cph" defined elsewhere)
cpc   (see value "cpc" defined elsewhere)
dnr   (see value "dnr" defined elsewhere)
dpt   (see value "dpt" defined elsewhere)

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LabelRole

Controlled vocabulary expressing the kind of label text. These are currently highly constrained, but either additional values or free extensibility (by union of this enum type with xs:anyURI) are expected for future releases of UBIF.

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
Full full full label   Free-form label text designed to be as concise and expressive as possible while remaining intuitive and (locally) unique. Depending on the object type, this label may often be called 'name' or a 'title'. The recommended length is less than 80 characters; longer text (up to 255 char.) is supported but human user interface software may be optimized for shorter labels. Text is recommended to be unique within dataset, object type, and language/audience combination. A full label may contain abbreviations but is not usually considered an abbreviated label itself. It should uniquely identify an object, but multiple full labels may exist. -- Examples: Agent 'Gregor Hagedorn, BBA, Berlin', 'G. Hagedorn, Biol. Bundesanstalt'; Taxon 'Ascochyta aceris Fuckel', 'Ascochyta aceris Lib.', 'Ascochyta aceris Sacc.' or 'Ascochyta aceris Saccardo'. -- Other standards: ~= DC.Title.
Short short short label   Short label text designed to represent an object in user interfaces or reports (esp. in tabular format) where space considerations are more important than intuitive understanding or readability. The text short label may be context dependent and may contain unusual abbreviations that require knowledge of the full/concise label to be intelligable. The recommended length is less than 20 characters (including blanks); longer text (up to 255 char.) is supported but may not be readable in all human user interface designs. When missing, applications may attempt to abbreviate the full label, which may result in duplicate labels, however. Text is recommended to be unique within dataset, object type, and language/audience combination. -- Examples: Agent 'G. Hagedorn'; Taxon 'Asc. aceris Fck.'.
Abbrev abbrev. abbreviation   A label text abbreviated as far as possible while remaining unique within a dataset. When missing, applications may attempt to abbreviate the short or full label, which may result in duplicate labels, however. Text is recommended to be unique within dataset, object type, and language/audience combination. -- Examples: Agent 'GH'; Taxon 'A.aceris' (assuming the dataset contains no other Genus abbreviated as 'A.' with a species epithet 'aceris').
Token token token/variable name   A highly constrained version of the label designed for exports to applications requiring very short and simple object names, such as fields in databases and variable names in phylogenetic or statistical analysis software like NEXUS or SAS, which often must be short, not having blanks or punctuation, etc. The application for which a token label is designed may be specified using a custom language value, e.g. 'x-SAS', 'x-NEXUS'. -- Examples: Agent 'GHAGE'; Taxon 'AscAceris'.
Sort sort. sorting string   A string that results in a desired sorting order when sorted with a standard, case-insensitive unicode sorting routine. The most important problems addressed here are word or token order, leading articles, and quoting marks (see examples). Other problems (special locale-specific sorting rules for accented characters like 'ü'='ue' in German but 'u' in Spanish, 'rr/ll' sorted after 'r/l' in Spanish, or character ligatures may or may not be addressed, depending on the data available to the provider. Where the provider has a choice, it is recommended *not* to address these problems, since sorting may be desirable according to rules defines defined in the locale of the consumer, not the provider. Current unicode-based data handling software often provides sufficient locale-specific sorting rules for accented or ligature characters. Problem: The provider may have stored all-uppercase sort-strings. This is not recommened, but consumers should expect that the sorting string has this form. One consequence is that the sorting string, while the best available choice for sorting where provided, may not be suitable for labeling the data in a sorted list. Should a second label type ('sortreport'?) be defined for this purpose? -- Examples: Agent 'Duarte, Amália Mourinha' (pt), 'Pina de Morales, Ana Maria' (es).; Taxon 'Isoetes' for if preferred form uses 'Isoëtes' (as allowable under ICBN); MediaObject 'high plano, the' for image titled 'The "high" plano'. -- Other applicable standards: vCard:Sort-String

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DetailRole

Controlled vocabulary expressing the kind of long 'detail' text. In contrast to label text, detail text to which these values are applied are not restricted in length. Note that the text length of detail text elements is not limited by the schema. It is, however, recommended that the length does not exceed 30000 characters because longer text may lead to interoperability problems. Currently the enumerated values are highly constrained, but either extension or free extensibility (by union of this enum type with xs:anyURI) is expected for future releases of UBIF. Note that a 'description' is usually presented instead of the object, and a 'caption' always together with the object. An 'abstract' may be presented instead or together with the object.

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
Description descript. Description   Free-form text describing an object. It may summarize the information contained in the object (similar to an abstract) but may also inform about related information. -- Other standards: ~= DC.Description.
Caption caption Caption   A special form of free-form description that is expected to be displayed together with the object (especially images, video, or audio formats). Caption as defined here is limited to a caption displayed together with the entire object (i. e. excluding timed captions/subtitles of audio/video objects). Frequently description and caption texts are identical, in which case providing the description is sufficient. Specific captions may contain, e. g., references to places or objects in the image such as 'in upper left corner ...', 'bar = 10µm'.
Abstract abstr. Abstract   A special form of free-form description that is contains a condensed version of the object content itself. Detail text with role 'abstract' is commonly used in the case of publications. The main difference to a 'description' is that an abstract does not contain external or metainformation about the object. Its applicability is therefore more limited, but also the correspondence of the representation with the full object may be assumed to be larger.
Coverage cover. Coverage   Free-form text describing geographic, taxonomic, or other coverage aspects of the object or data set. -- Other standards: ~= DC.Coverage.
NormativeText norm. Normative definition   Free-form text defining the concept of the object (applicable only to conceptual objects, not actual objects like specimens or books). Similar to description, but considered normative or translated-normative. Desirable external validation: only a single normative text should be without a "translatedfrom" attribute, all other should specify a translation source (and are "translated-normative", not "fully normative").
UnknownDetailRole ? Unknown   The role ('Description', 'Caption', 'Abstract') of long detail text is unknown.

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MediaRepresentationRole

Controlled vocabulary expressing the object representation role a media object (image, audio/video, rich text) may have.

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
Iconic iconic icon/thumbnail (presented inline, if possible)   Small image or short audio/video resource to supplement, but usually not replace label text. Most media resources of this role will not be informative enough to represent an object without additional textual representation. Recommendation: Typically only a single icon image should be defined for each object; applications may not be able to display more than one. However, combinations of still image and audio resource should be expected by applications supporting audio resources.
Primary primary primary representation (presented inline, if possible)   Media object intended as a first class representation of the object, fully informative without additional textual representation. If multiple media resources of this role are defined for an object, all of these are expected to be available when making the selection decision.
Diagnostic diagn. representation optimized for selecting one out of several alternatives (presented inline, if possible)   A subclass of primary media object representations, optimized for being displayed in situations where a human user is expected to choose (select) among multiple instances. Typically the size, duration, or complexity of these resources will be less than in a primary resource. Examples: in a multi-access picture key, the human selects one or several states describing characteristics of a specimen to be identified, or selected one of several images representing the remaining taxa.
Secondary 2ndary additional, secondary, or supplementary representations (available on request)   Media objects intended to inform the user rather on request. For example, a user interface might provide a single link/button to request additional information, or a short list of links allowing direct access to individual media objects. Examples are images of a character state in a specific taxon, which illustrates the concept, but does not expresses its circumscription.
Normative normat. normative resource for a concept definition   Detailed information used to define a resource object. Examples are images or rich formatted text (glossary entry, a wiki page, or a taxon/species page). Note: abstract concepts (taxon, character, publication) or physical objects (such as specimens) itself may be identified by URI in Link rel="BasedOn". Reflexive usage: recording that The URI may be identical to a definition resource identified through this resource role (but is not required to be).
UnknownMediaRole ? unknown   The role of the media object is unknown (explictly equivalent to not specifying a value for the role).

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LinkingRel

Controlled vocabulary expressing the semantics of a Link uri. The vocabulary includes all values from IRPStatementRoleEnum. These are currently highly constrained, but future version may add either more values or free extensibility (union of this type with xs:anyURI).

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
LatestVersion latest latest version   Link resolving to a representation of the latest (i.e. newest) version of the object at the time of resolution. This explicitly assumes that the result of resolution changes over time (non-persistent resource).
PriorVersion prev. prev. version   Link resolving to the previous version of the current object. [Not related to xhtml prev]
Alternate alt. alternate   Link designating an alternate (substitute) representation for the object in which this link occurs. These representations may differ in language, format, level of detail, etc. All alternate representations are implicitly about the same abstract resource, and it is recommended to express the abstract resource using rel="about". [Closely related to xhtml 1.0 "alternate" recommended link type value.]
SubclassOf Subclass Subclass Of   Generalization relationship pointing to the more general concept (i.e. this concept is a kind-of linked concept). Example: 'teliospore' and 'conidium are both a kind of 'spore', a 'spore' is a kind of 'propagule'). In the context of phylogenetic analyses a distinction between "homologous" and "heterologous generalizations" may be necessary, this is considered out of the general scope here and may be implemented in external ontologies.
SuperclassOf Superclass Superclass Of   Inverse of subclass of; generalization relationship pointing to the less general class.
BasedOn BasedOn based on   The current resource is based on information from another resource, in a way that is different from verbatim copying and different from the extension semantics associated with sub/superclass relations. Specifically, this includes concepts like "source", "origin", or "derivation". "BasedOn" is transitive, not symmetric, not reflexive. Persistence of the other resource is assumed. The current resource may have a similar or entirely different format than the one it is based on. Examples: 1) A record based on a physical specimen (which has a urn). 2) A reference record based on a publication that has a DOI identifier. 3) A character definition based on a standard character definition.
SameAs SameAs same as   Two resources have same semantics, same creator, same presentation format, but are not necessarily bitwise identical (e. g., sequence of elements in a set changed). SameAs is transitive, symmetric, reflexive. Persistence of the other resource is assumed. Note that multiple URIs of the current object may be given in "current", but this designates these as equal alternatives. Citing only one URI in "current" and others in "SameAs" may inform about older, outdated URIs.
SimilarTo SimilarTo similar to   Both resources (indepently created or of unknown derivation) are analyzed to be similar. "SimilarTo" is symmetric, reflexive, not transitive (problem of chaining). Whether a data consumer desires to make inferences on the weak "SimilarTo" relation or not is its own decision. In the case of character-based identifications, the built-in error tolerance mechansisms of the identification method will often allow doing so. Persistence of the other resource is assumed. Examples: 1) A character state may be (more or less roughly) equivalent to another in another dataset, although neither definition is based on the other. 2) Multiple images may be taken from the same object.
IsDifferentFrom Diff. from Is different from   Opposite assertion to "SimilarTo". This asserts that two resources may appear related, but are not. "IsDifferentFrom" is symmetric, not transitive, not reflexive. Persistence of the other resource is assumed.
PartOf Part of Part of   Indicating composition. Data may be part of other data (a), a physical object may be part of another physical object (b), or an abstract concept may be a part of another concept (c). Examples: plant = root/stem/leaf, leaf = base/stipules/petiole/lamina, etc.; medium preparation and inoculation methods are part of microbial growth rate measurement method. PartOf is transitive, anti-symmetric, and reflexive (though is of theoretical use only). Detailed information on use case (a): A dataset may be a subset of a larger dataset; if a dataset is dynamically generated in response to a query it may either have a URI encoding the query or no URI at all (i. e. uri-attribute on object itself does not exist), but may want to publish the URI or its base-dataset; one purpose of this is that a publisher may want to inform indexers (crawlers) about a resolvable URI to the larger dataset, another to establish the status of archival data. - On use case b): A microscopic slide may be part of a specimen in a collection. On use case c): A method may be a part (step) of a composite method, an article part of a publication, a petal is a part of the plant flower).
HasPart has part has part   Inverse of the part-of relation, indicating the parts that something consists of. A book may have resources for chapters that are independently retrievable, a specimen unit may have subunits, a descriptive term like "ovate to elliptic" has the parts "ovate" and "elliptic" (the kind of composition being not defined here!).
BackwardCompatibleWith Backw. Compat. Backward Compatible With   The linked resource (usually a prior version) is backward compatible with the current resource. Examples: A new species has been added to a genus. The old enumerated taxon concept is backwards compatible with the new one. Related to: owl:backwardCompatibleWith.
IncompatibleWith Incompat. Incompatible With   The linked resource (usually a prior version) is incompatible compatible with the current resource. Examples: A categorical character with 3 states (which partion a continous value space) now has 4 states. The addition of the forth state not only extends the value space (as in adding "ultra-violet", which might be BackwardCompatibleWith), but changes the borders of the other states (as in adding "orange" between "red" and "yellow". Related to: owl:incompatibleWith.
Meta meta meta   Link referring to a resource offering meta data or help (more information about the current resource, including meta data like copyright or licensing, links to other sources information, etc.). Compare IRPStatements with role="Copyright", "License", "Acknowledgement", etc. to express more specific relations. [Related to xhtml 2.0 "meta", but also to xhtml 1.0-2.0 "help" recommended link type values.]

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IRPStatementRole

Controlled vocabulary expressing the kind of IPR (= intellectual property right) statements.

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
Copyright Copyright Copyright   Copyright information for the current resource (or statement that content is in the public domain).
License License Licensing conditions for the current resource.   Data may be distributed under a license. Placing data under a public license (e. g., Creative Commons, GFDL, OpenDocument) while maintaining copyright is recommended. (= DC.Rights.Licence). Example when used with Link: rel="License" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/"
TermsOfUse Terms/use Terms of use   Defines conditions under which the data may be analyzed, distributed or changed. "Terms of use" includes concepts like "Usage conditions" and "Specific Restrictions".
Disclaimer Disclaimer Disclaimer   Disclaimer statement, e. g., concerning responsibility for data quality or legal implications.
PrivacyPolicy Privacy Privacy policy   Information and assertion of policy how individual privacy rights are observed.
Acknowledgement Acknowl. Acknowledgement   An acknowledgement of support (e. g., grant money, help, review, permission to reuse published material, etc.)
IPRDeclaration Declaration Declaration   Other forms of IPR declaration not covered by other IPR links (e.g., database rights); also used in cases where an automatic converter can not decide whether a statements is copyright, licence, etc.

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SexStatus

Codes for sex value in humans (clinical status) or animals. The codes are largely based on those defined in DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, http://medical.nema.org/, Coding Scheme Designator DCM Version 01, PS3.16 Annex B, CID 7455) and ASTM E1633 (= "Standard Specification for Coded Values Used in the Electronic Health Record. Document Number: ASTM E1633-02a. ASTM International, 10-Nov-2002, 76 pages"). Additional codes specific to biology have been added.

An alternative standard is ISO 5218, which provides only four codes: "0 = Not known, 1 = Male, 2 = Female, 9 = Not specified". The difference between 0 and 9 is: "(0) implies that the sex of the person is not provided in the personal details i.e. the data has not been supplied and sex cannot be ascertained from the data provided"; "(9) implies that the sex of the person cannot be determined for physical reasons, e. g. a new born baby". ISO 5218 contains fewer and less intuitive codes. For biological purposes many codes would have to be arbitrarily added. G. Hagedorn, 10. August 2004

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
Male m Male   [= ASTM E1633: M, = ISO 5218: 1]
Female f Female   [= ASTM E1633: F, = ISO 5218: 2]
UnknownSex ? Unknown sex   No information regarding the sex is available (= "not recorded" or "not examined"). [= ASTM E1633: U, = ISO 5218: 0]
Hermaphrodite h Hermaphrodite   An organism having both male and female sexual organs at some time during adulthood. General term, not differentiating between simultaneous or sequential hermaphrodites. [= ASTM E1633: H]
SimultaneousHermaphrodite sh Simultaneous hermaphrodite   An organism having both male and female sexual organs at the same time during adulthood. [Not in ASTM E1633; = B in OBIS 1.0 http://www.iobis.org/FAQschema1.shtml]
Male2Female mc Male changing to Female   The organism starts as a male, and changes sex to a female later in life (sequential hermaphrodite: protandry). Examples: seabasses (fish); many plant species; humans that underwent surgical sex change. This terms does not identify a phase in which an individual may be. [= ASTM E1633: MC]
Female2Male fc Female changing to Male   The organism starts as a female, and changes sex to a male later in life (sequential hermaphrodite: protogyny). Example: Wrass reef fishes; some plants; humans that underwent surgical sex change. This terms does not identify a phase in which an individual may be. [= ASTM E1633: FC]
HermaphroditeMalePhase hm Hermaphrodite, male phase   Sequential hermaphrodite in male phase. [Not in ASTM E1633]
HermaphroditeFemalePhase hf Hermaphrodite, female phase   Sequential hermaphrodite in female phase. [Not in ASTM E1633]
HermaphroditeTransitional ht Hermaphrodite, transitional phase   Sequential hermaphrodite currently between sexes. [Not in ASTM E1633, but compare OBIS 1.0 http://www.iobis.org/FAQschema1.shtml]
IndeterminateSex i Indeterminate sex   The organism has been studied, but the sex could not be determined (e.g. in larval forms). Compare "ambiguous" and "unknown" sex. [perhaps = ISO 5218: 9; perhaps = DICOM: code 121103, 'Undetermined'; compare OBIS 1.0 http://www.iobis.org/FAQschema1.shtml]
AmbiguousSex a Ambiguous sex   The sex organs have been studied, but the result was ambiguous. Includes abnormal mixed sex situations like "gynandromorph" (e. g. an insect is male on one side, female on the other). Compare "indeterminate" and "unknown" sex. [= ASTM E1633: A]
MixedSex x Mixed sex status   Multiple objects of mixed sex status (situation occurring in collections).

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BasicSexStatus

Contains basic sex type codes, sufficient for recording human sexes in most administrative contexts (used, e. g., in the Agent type data interface)

States

Value Label   Description
Male   (see value "Male" defined elsewhere)
Female   (see value "Female" defined elsewhere)
UnknownSex   (see value "UnknownSex" defined elsewhere)

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AdditionalSexStatus

Contains codes in addition to those defined in BasicSexStatusEnum that are necessary for animals and clinical sex descriptions of humans. Additional codes "S, I, HM, HF, HT" has been added to those defined in DICOM /ASTM E1633. On the other side, the DICOM /ASTM E1633 codes "MP = male pseudohermaphrodite" and "FP = female pseudohermaphrodite" are omitted here because they are limited to human sex and express a politically contentious perspective (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohermaphrodite). See the UBIF type SexStatusEnum for a union of the enumerated values in this type and those in BasicSexStatusEnum.

States

Value Label   Description
Hermaphrodite   (see value "Hermaphrodite" defined elsewhere)
SimultaneousHermaphrodite   (see value "SimultaneousHermaphrodite" defined elsewhere)
Male2Female   (see value "Male2Female" defined elsewhere)
Female2Male   (see value "Female2Male" defined elsewhere)
HermaphroditeMalePhase   (see value "HermaphroditeMalePhase" defined elsewhere)
HermaphroditeFemalePhase   (see value "HermaphroditeFemalePhase" defined elsewhere)
HermaphroditeTransitional   (see value "HermaphroditeTransitional" defined elsewhere)
IndeterminateSex   (see value "IndeterminateSex" defined elsewhere)
AmbiguousSex   (see value "AmbiguousSex" defined elsewhere)
MixedSex   (see value "MixedSex" defined elsewhere)

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TaxonHierarchyType

Defines the type of a taxon hierarchy (list of enumerated values to support application interoperability).

States

Value Label   Description
UnspecifiedTaxonomy Unspecified taxonomy   Conventional taxonomic or nomenclatural arrangement (this could be a PhylogeneticTaxonomy, a NonphylogeneticTaxonomy, or a mixture). In the absences of more specific information about a taxon hierarchy, this may be considered the default value.
PhylogeneticTaxonomy Phylogenetic taxonomy   Hierarchy resulting from a phylogenetic analysis, regardless of whether the taxonomic conclusions are already implemented or not. This asserts a higher quality of the hierarchy.
NonphylogeneticTaxonomy Nonphylogenetic taxonomy   A hierarchy explicitly proposing a non-phylogenetic arrangements (herbs, shrubs, small trees, large trees).
SubsetFilter SubsetFilter   A hierarchy of type "SubsetFilter" is intended only for the purpose of filtering taxa for arbitrary purposes. It will often be a flat list, or a list of filter names, each with a list of taxa. Applications should not offer it as a choice when the user selects a hierarchy for displaying or reporting purposes. Note that conversely, the filter selection dialog in applications should not be restricted to hierarchies of type SubsetFilter. Note, however, that any hierarchy may be used as a filter to define subsets.

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IdentificationCertainty

Identifications of an Specimen (object/unit) as belonging to a taxon concept may be uncertain. This is especially important in biology, where identification qualifiers like 'cf.' or 'aff.' are often used as part of the scientific name. The following enumerated list provides general categories not restricted to scientific organism names. Note: In biology additional expression is often expressed through the choice of placement of the certainty qualifier. For example, 'Echinonema ferruginea var. campestris' may be qualified as 'cf. Echinonema ferruginea var. campestris', 'Echinonema cf. ferruginea var. campestris', 'Echinonema ferruginea cf. var. campestris'. The first presumably means that the entire name is uncertain, but the infraspecific name may be appropriate, the second indicates that the genus is certain, the species uncertain, and the final that the species in certain and only the infraspecific rank is uncertain. To achieve this level of expressiveness, it is recommended that an additional data element 'IdentificationUncertainTaxonomicRank' of type TaxonomicRankEnum may be combined with an element of IdentificationCertaintyEnum. IdentificationUncertainTaxonomicRank should be optional and omitted to express that an identification is unknown, but the rank not known (e. g. in 'Echinonema ferruginea?'). In ABCD 1.44 a special rank with enumeration beforeName, beforeFirstEpithet, beforeSecondEpithet is used instead.

States

Value Label   Description
IdentificationCertain The identification is certain  
IdentificationUncertain The identification is uncertain   In biology this is often expressed with the Latin 'cf.' (confer).
IdentificationSimilarTo The identification names a similar object class.   In this case the identified object is considered very similar to those objects classified under the given name. Note that in contrast to 'Uncertain' this implies that the object most likely it does not belong to this class. In biology this is often expressed with the Latin 'aff.' or 'afin.' (affinis).
IdentificationCertaintyUnknown The certainty of identification is unknown.  

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NomenclaturalTypeStatusOfSpecimens

This list is a first version of a constrained vocabulary to express typifying relations between taxonomic names and specimens (objects/units preserved in collections). Beyond those type categories explicitly governed by nomenclatural codes (Zoology, Botany, Bacterioloy, Virology), the list also includes some additional type status terms. These categories may be helpful when interpreting the original circumscription (topotypes, ex-types), but do not have the same binding status as terms governed by the nomenclatural codes. The enumeration attempts to strike a balance between listing all possible terms, and remaining comprehensible. In general, including too many terms was considered less problematic than omitting terms. Applications may easily select a subset for presentation in their user interface.

This list is intended as a first version and it is hoped that in the review process through TDWG it will achieve sufficient maturity to be truly useful. It is expected that over time revisions will have to be made. Please use the WIKI (http://wiki.tdwg.org/twiki/bin/view/UBIF/NomenclaturalTypeStatusOfSpecimensDiscussion) to discuss the current list and the lists of synonymous, doubtful, or excluded type terms provided therein.

Some background information: A type provides the objective standard of reference to determine the application of a taxon name. The type status of a specimen is only meaningful in combination with the name that is being typified (a specimen may have been designated type for multiple names in different publications). The type status of an object may be designated in the original description of a scientific name (original designation), or - under rules layed out in the respective nomenclatural codes - at a later time (subsequent designation). -- For taxa above species rank the type is always a lower rank taxon (e. g., species for genus, genus for family). The type terms for this situation are not included in the enumeration. Ultimately, typication of all taxa goes back to physical type specimens, but this should not be recorded as such in data sets. The indirect type reference in higher taxa means that typification changes to the lower taxon automatically affect the higher taxon.

The exact definitions of type status differ between nomenclatural codes (ICBN, ICZN, ICNP/ICNB, etc.). The term definitions are intended to be informative and generally applicable across the different codes. The should not be interpreted as authoritative; in nomenclatural work the exact definitions in the respective codes have to be consulted. A duplication of status codes (bot-holo, zoo-holo, bact-holo, etc.) is not considered desirable or necessary. Since the application of the type status terms is constrained by the relationship of the typified name with a specific code, the exact definition can always be unambiguously retrieved.

The following publications have been consulted to determine the number of type terms that should be included and to prepare the semantic definitions:

"not a type" was added from the enumeration published in TaxonConceptSchema v 0.8 by J. Kennedy & Robert Kukla in October 2004

Dr. Miguel A. Alonso-Zarazaga and Dr. Walter Gams are thanked for review and help. - Gregor Hagedorn, 13.7.2004-17.11.2004

States

Value Label   Description
allo Allotype   A paratype specimen designated from the type series by the original author that is the opposite sex of the holotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.]
allolecto Allolectotype   A paralectotype specimen that is the opposite sex of the lectotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.]
alloneo Alloneotype   A paraneotype specimen that is the opposite sex of the neotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.]
co Cotype   A deprecated term no longer recognized in the ICZN; formerly used for either syntype or paratype [see ICZN Recommendation 73E]. [Zoo.]
epi Epitype   An epitype is a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when any kind of holotype, lectotype, etc. is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be critically identified for purposes of the precise application of the name of a taxon (see Art. ICBN 9.7, 9.18). An epitype supplements, rather than replaces existing types. [Bot./Bio.]
ex Ex-Type   A strain or cultivation derived from some kind of type material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
exepi Ex-Epitype   A strain or cultivation derived from epitype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Bot.]
exholo Ex-Holotype   A strain or cultivation derived from holotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
exiso Ex-Isotype   A strain or cultivation derived from isotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
exlecto Ex-Lectotype   A strain or cultivation derived from lectotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
exneo Ex-Neotype   A strain or cultivation derived from neotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
expara Ex-Paratype   A strain or cultivation derived from paratype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
exsyn Ex-Syntype   A strain or cultivation derived from neotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]
hapanto Hapantotype   One or more preparations of directly related individuals representing distinct stages in the life cycle, which together form the type in an extant species of protistan [ICZN Article 72.5.4]. A hapantotype, while a series of individuals, is a holotype that must not be restricted by lectotype selection. If a hapantotype is found to contain individuals of more than one species, however, components may be excluded until it contains individuals of only one species [ICZN Article 73.3.2]. [Zoo.]
holo Holotype   The one specimen or other element used or designated by the original author at the time of publication of the original description as the nomenclatural type of a species or infraspecific taxon. A holotype may be 'explicit' if it is clearly stated in the originating publication or 'implicit' if it is the single specimen proved to have been in the hands of the originating author when the description was published. [Zoo./Bot./Bio.]
icono Iconotype   A drawing or photograph (also called 'phototype') of a type specimen. Note: the term "iconotype" is not used in the ICBN, but implicit in, e. g., ICBN Art. 7 and 38. [Zoo./Bot.]
iso Isotype   An isotype is any duplicate of the holotype (i. e. part of a single gathering made by a collector at one time, from which the holotype was derived); it is always a specimen (ICBN Art. 7). [Bot.]
isolecto Isolectotype   A duplicate of a neotype, compare lectotype. [Bot.]
isoneo Isoneotype   A duplicate of a neotype, compare neotype. [Bot.]
isosyn Isosyntype   A duplicate of a syntype, compare isotype = duplicate of holotype. [Bot.]
lecto Lectotype   A specimen or other element designated subsequent to the publication of the original description from the original material (syntypes or paratypes) to serve as nomenclatural type. Lectotype designation can occur only where no holotype was designated at the time of publication or if it is missing (ICBN Art. 7, ICZN Art. 74). [Zoo./Bot.] -- Note: the BioCode defines lectotype as selection from holotype material in cases where the holotype material contains more than one taxon [Bio.].
neo Neotype   A specimen designated as nomenclatural type subsequent to the publication of the original description in cases where the original holotype, lectotype, all paratypes and syntypes are lost or destroyed, or suppressed by the (botanical or zoological) commission on nomenclature. In zoology also called "Standard specimen" or "Representative specimen". [Zoo./Bot./Bio.]
para Paratype   All of the specimens in the type series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the holotype (and, in botany, isotypes). Paratypes must have been at the disposition of the author at the time when the original description was created and must have been designated and indicated in the publication. Judgment must be exercised on paratype status, for only rarely are specimens explicitly cited as paratypes, but usually as "specimens examined," "other material seen", etc. [Zoo./Bot.]
paralecto Paralectotype   All of the specimens in the syntype series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the lectotype itself. Also called "lectoparatype". [Zoo.]
paraneo Paraneotype   All of the specimens in the syntype series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the neotype itself. Also called "neoparatype". [Zoo.]
plasto Plastotype   A copy or cast of type material, esp. relevant for fossil types. Not regulated by the botanical or zoological code (?). [Zoo./Bot.]
plastoholo Plastoholotype   A copy or cast of holotype material (compare Plastotype).
plastoiso Plastoisotype   A copy or cast of isotype material (compare Plastotype).
plastolecto Plastolectotype   A copy or cast of lectotype material (compare Plastotype).
plastoneo Plastoneotype   A copy or cast of neotype material (compare Plastotype).
plastopara Plastoparatype   A copy or cast of paratype material (compare Plastotype).
plastosyn Plastosyntype   A copy or cast of syntype material (compare Plastotype).
syn Syntypes   The series of specimens used to describe a species or infraspecific taxon when neither a single holotype by the original author, nor a lectotype in a subsequent publication has been designated. The syntypes collectively constitute the name-bearing type. [Zoo./Bot.]
topo Topotype   One or more specimens collected at the same location as the type series (type locality), regardless of whether they are part of the type series. Topotypes are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. Also called "locotype". [Zoo./Bot.]
type Type   a) A specimen designated or indicated any kind of type of a species or infraspecific taxon. If possible more specific type terms (holotype, syntype, etc.) should be applied. b) the type name of a name of higher rank for taxa above the species rank. [General]
sec Secondary type   A referred, described, measured or figured specimen in the original publication (including a neo/lectotypification publication) that is not a primary type. [General]
supp Supplementary type   A referred, described, measured or figured specimen in a revision of a previously described taxon. This is not formally considered a type. Provided as an alternative to "not a type" to express knowledge about material elsewhere presumed to have a more formal type status. [General]
no not a type   For specimens erroneously labelled as types an explicit negative statement may be desirable. [General]

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NomenclaturalStatus

Controlled vocabulary expressing nomenclatural status of a biological taxon name. ### This needs urgently revision! Enumeration of possible values for nomenclatural status. (Source: initial LinneanCore.)

States

Value Label   Description
Rejected Rejected   The name is rejected (invalid, not accepted)
Fails Fails   The name fails the requirement test for an acceptable name (e.g. pre-starting-date names).
Conserved Conserved   The name is accepted by means of an explicit conservation proposal
Sanctioned Sanctioned   The name is sanctioned (a special form of automatic conservation used in ICBN for fungi)
Accepted Accepted   The name is accepted.

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NomenclaturalCodes

Enumeration of nomenclatural codes under which a name is considered valid. (Source: comparison of enumerations in ABCD 1.49 and first LinneanCore draft.) - Gregor Hagedorn

States

Value Label   Description
Viral   (see value "Viral" defined elsewhere)
Bacteriological   (see value "Bacteriological" defined elsewhere)
Botanical International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, ICBN  
Zoological International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, ICZN  
CultivatedPlant International Code of cultivated plants, ICNCP  
Indeterminate Examples: ambiregnally named taxa can not be fixed to a code; to express the (pre-starting point) names on which the sanctioning mechanism of fungal names is based.  

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TaxonomicRank

Enumerated codes to express the rank of a taxon (scientific organism name) in a taxonomic hierarchy. The list is intended to be interoperable between name providers for bacteria, viruses, fungi, plants, and animals. It is not assumed that in each taxonomic group all ranks have to be used. Individual applications may select appropriate subsets (which may be based on information given inside the enumerated values, see Specifications/BioCode-, Botany-, Zoology-, and BacteriaStatus). The enumeration attempts to strike a balance between listing all possible rank terms, and remaining comprehensible. For example, the "infra-" ranks specifically mentioned in BioCode have been included (although very rarely used), but the additional intermediate zoological ranks (micro, nano, pico, etc.) are not included. Whether the selection of infraspecific ranks (some informal ranks, esp. from bacteriology, may be missing!) probably needs some discussion. However, it is believed that this list may help to start developing data sets that can easily be integrated across the barriers of language and taxonomic traditions.

Not included in the list are the botanical "notho-" ranks, which are used to designate hybrids (nothospecies, nothogenus). It is assumed they can be generated from separate information that the taxon is a hybrid. ICBN §4.4 states: "The subordinate ranks of nothotaxa are the same as the subordinate ranks of non-hybrid taxa, except that nothogenus is the highest rank permitted".

The following publications have been consulted to determine the number of type terms that should be included and to prepare the semantic definitions:

Many thanks for review and help go to Dr. Walter Gams. - Gregor Hagedorn, 13.7.2004-17.11.2004.

Note: the list of all ranks is implemented as a union of all following rank subsets. Note that although BioCode has been used to define the partition into subsets, the ranks are not limited to BioCode but should be an interoperable superset of ranks used in Virology, Bacteriology, Botany and Zoology.

Technical note: It would be preferable to define the values in separate types and define this type as xs:union memberTypes="TaxonomicRankBelowSubspeciesEnum TaxonomicRankSpeciesGroupEnum TaxonomicRankGenusSubdivisionEnum TaxonomicRankGenusGroupEnum TaxonomicRankFamilySubdivisionEnum TaxonomicRankFamilyGroupEnum TaxonomicRankAboveSuperfamilyEnum". However, as explained in the annotation of AgentRoleEnum, Stylus Studio and Xerces have problems with type derivations involving union types. Therefore the current work-around was chosen.

States

Value Abbrev. Label   Description
any_rank unknown tax. of unknown or undefined rank   Use this if no information exists or can be deduced. If at least the rank group is known other values ("any_infrasp", "any_infragen", "any_supragen") should be preferred.
any_infrasp tax. infrasp. infraspecific tax. of undefined rank   Undefined ranks (using either no rank identifier in botany, or using greek letters or symbols like stars, crosses) occur in very old publications. Most frequently these are to be interpreted as varieties, but occasionally they are forms or subspecies (see Stearn, W.T. 1957: Species plantarum (Facsimile); Introduction. 1. London, p. 90-95, 160-161, 163). The interpretation of these cases requires taxonomic knowledge that may not be available at the time when data are parsed. Such lack of knowledge can be expressed using this rank identifier.
cand cand. candidate   'Candidatus' rank is proposed in bacteriology for putative taxa, which could not yet be studied sufficiently to warrant the creation of a name with a known rank. (Murray, R.G.E. & Schleifer, K.H.: Taxonomic notes: a proposal for recording the properties of putative taxa of procaryotes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1994, 44, 174-176).
fsp f. sp. special form   The ICBN does not formally cover formae specialis (art. 4, note 3). However, because of the economic importance of pathogenic f. sp., and since it is common practice to handle them as if the code would apply (i. e. priority usually observed, name quoted with author), they are included here.
subsubfm subsubfm. subsubform  
subfm subfm. subform  
fm fm. form   Form, race, variety are not subject to regulation in zoology; see ICZN Article 1.3.4
subsubvar subsubvar. sub-sub-variety  
subvar subvar. sub-variety  
var var. variety   Form, race, variety are not subject to regulation in zoology; see ICZN Article 1.3.4 Examples: Pinus nigra var. caramanica (= "P. nigra subsp. nigra var. caramanica"; Taxus baccata var. variegata
pv pathovar. patho-variety  
bv biovar. bio-variety  
cv cult. cultivar   The epithet is usually output in single quotes and may contain multiple words, see ICBN §28. Examples: Taxus baccata 'Variegata', Juniperus ×pfitzeriana 'Wilhelm Pfitzer'; Magnolia 'Elizabeth' (= a hybrid, no species epithet).
convar convar. convar   Used in cultivated plants (ICNCP), but deprecated, see 'Some notes on problems of taxonomy and nomenclature of cultivated plants' by J. Ochsmann, http://www.genres.de/IGRREIHE/IGRREIHE/DDD/22-08.pdf
cvgroup cultivar. group cultivar-group  
graftchimaera graft-chimaera graft-chimaera  
infrasp infrasp. infraspecies  
subsp_aggr aggr. subspecific aggregate (= group, complex)   A loosely defined group of subspecies. Zoology: "Aggregate - a group of subspecies within a species. An aggregate may be denoted by a group name interpolated in parentheses."
ssp ssp. subspecies   Examples: Pinus nigra subsp. nigra Homo sapiens sapiens
sp sp. species   Examples: Taxus baccata, Homo sapiens
aggr aggr. species aggregate (= species group, species complex)   A loosely defined group of species. Zoology: "Aggregate - a group of species, other than a subgenus, within a genus. An aggregate may be denoted by a group name interpolated in parentheses." -- The Berlin/MoreTax model notes: "[these] aren't taxonomic ranks but cirumscriptions because on the one hand they are necessary for the concatenation of the fullname and on the other hand they are necessary for distinguishing the aggregate or species group from the microspecies." Compare subspecific aggregate for a group of subspecies within a species!
any_infragen tax. infragen. infrageneric tax. of undefined rank   A name that appear between a genus name and a species epitheton and is not clearly marked as series or section, or other may be assigned to this rank until the true rank can be assigned by a taxonomic expert.
subser subser. subseries  
ser ser. series  
subsect subsect. subsection  
sect sect. section  
infragen infragen. infragenus  
subgen subgen. subgenus  
gen gen. genus   Examples: Magnolia Homo
infratrib infratrib. infratribe  
subtrib subtrib. subtribe  
trib trib. tribe  
supertrib supertrib. supertribe  
infrafam infrafam. infrafamily  
subfam subfam. subfamily   Examples: Magnolioideae
fam fam. family   Examples: Magnoliaceae Hominidae
superfam superfam. superfamily   Examples: Magnoliacea
infraord infraord. infraorder  
subord subord. suborder   Examples: Magnolineae Catarrhini
ord ord. order   Examples: Magnoliales Primates
superord superord. superorder   Examples: Magnolianae
infracl infracl. infraclass  
subcl subcl. subclass   Examples: Magnoliidae Eutheria
cl cl. class   Examples: Magnoliopsida Mammalia
supercl supercl. superclass  
infraphyl_div infraphyl./div. infraphylum (= infradivision)  
subphyl_div subphyl./div. subphylum (= subdivision)   Examples: Magnoliophytina Vertebrata
phyl_div phyl./div. phylum (= division)   Examples: Magnoliophyta Chordata
superphyl_div superphyl./div. superphylum (= superdivision)  
infrareg infrareg. infrakingdom  
subreg subreg. subkingdom  
reg reg. kingdom   Examples: Plantae Animalia
superreg superreg. super kingdom   Examples: Eucaryota
dom dom. domain (= empire)   Examples: Archaea (= Archaeobacteria), Bacteria (= Eubacteria), Eukarya (= Eukaryota)
any_supragen tax. supragen. suprageneric tax. of undefined rank   This value indicates that the rank of a name is unknown. Compare "incertae sedis" which is commonly used as a replacement for a taxon to group all taxa whose position in the classification or phylogenetic tree is uncertain.

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TaxonomicRankBelowSubspecies

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "infra-subspecfic", i.e. below the species group

States

Value Label   Description
any_infrasp   (see value "any_infrasp" defined elsewhere)
cand   (see value "cand" defined elsewhere)
fsp   (see value "fsp" defined elsewhere)
subsubfm   (see value "subsubfm" defined elsewhere)
subfm   (see value "subfm" defined elsewhere)
fm   (see value "fm" defined elsewhere)
subsubvar   (see value "subsubvar" defined elsewhere)
subvar   (see value "subvar" defined elsewhere)
var   (see value "var" defined elsewhere)
pv   (see value "pv" defined elsewhere)
bv   (see value "bv" defined elsewhere)
cv   (see value "cv" defined elsewhere)
convar   (see value "convar" defined elsewhere)
cvgroup   (see value "cvgroup" defined elsewhere)
graftchimaera   (see value "graftchimaera" defined elsewhere)
infrasp   (see value "infrasp" defined elsewhere)

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TaxonomicRankSpeciesGroup

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "species group", i.e. only species and subspecies

States

Value Label   Description
subsp_aggr   (see value "subsp_aggr" defined elsewhere)
ssp   (see value "ssp" defined elsewhere)
sp   (see value "sp" defined elsewhere)

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TaxonomicRankGenusSubdivision

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode ""subdivision of a genus" ", i.e. all ranks between genus and species group (i.e. not including subgenus and species)

States

Value Label   Description
aggr   (see value "aggr" defined elsewhere)
any_infragen   (see value "any_infragen" defined elsewhere)
subser   (see value "subser" defined elsewhere)
ser   (see value "ser" defined elsewhere)
subsect   (see value "subsect" defined elsewhere)
sect   (see value "sect" defined elsewhere)

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TaxonomicRankGenusGroup

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "genus group", i.e. infragenus to genus

States

Value Label   Description
infragen   (see value "infragen" defined elsewhere)
subgen   (see value "subgen" defined elsewhere)
gen   (see value "gen" defined elsewhere)

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TaxonomicRankFamilySubdivision

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "subdivision of a family", i.e. ranks between genus group and family group

States

Value Label   Description
infratrib   (see value "infratrib" defined elsewhere)
subtrib   (see value "subtrib" defined elsewhere)
trib   (see value "trib" defined elsewhere)
supertrib   (see value "supertrib" defined elsewhere)

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TaxonomicRankFamilyGroup

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "family group", i.e. infrafamily to superfamily

States

Value Label   Description
infrafam   (see value "infrafam" defined elsewhere)
subfam   (see value "subfam" defined elsewhere)
fam   (see value "fam" defined elsewhere)
superfam   (see value "superfam" defined elsewhere)

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TaxonomicRankAboveSuperfamily

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "suprafamilial". This rank group includes all ranks higher than superfamily (class, phylum/division, kingdom, domain)

States

Value Label   Description
infraord   (see value "infraord" defined elsewhere)
subord   (see value "subord" defined elsewhere)
ord   (see value "ord" defined elsewhere)
superord   (see value "superord" defined elsewhere)
infracl   (see value "infracl" defined elsewhere)
subcl   (see value "subcl" defined elsewhere)
cl   (see value "cl" defined elsewhere)
supercl   (see value "supercl" defined elsewhere)
infraphyl_div   (see value "infraphyl_div" defined elsewhere)
subphyl_div   (see value "subphyl_div" defined elsewhere)
phyl_div   (see value "phyl_div" defined elsewhere)
superphyl_div   (see value "superphyl_div" defined elsewhere)
infrareg   (see value "infrareg" defined elsewhere)
subreg   (see value "subreg" defined elsewhere)
reg   (see value "reg" defined elsewhere)
superreg   (see value "superreg" defined elsewhere)
dom   (see value "dom" defined elsewhere)
any_supragen   (see value "any_supragen" defined elsewhere)

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